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What is Jess? Jess stands for Java Expert System Shell. It is a rule engine and scripTngenvironment wri±en in Java used for building expert systems. ²he Frst version of Jess wasreleased in 1995 by Ernest ³riedman-Hill of ²he Sandia NaTonal Labratories. At this Tme Jesswas in its early stages, and has evolved to the current version 6.0. ²he term Expert System isused to describe a computer-based applicaTon that employs a set of rules based upon humanknowledge, to solve problems that require human experTse. ²hese systems allow scarceexperTse to be shared throughout a whole organizaTon. ²here are several environments inwhich rule based expert systems can be built, including: Prolog, Lisp, Clips and Jess. OriginallyJess was based on Clips, but today stands as its own unique environment with its ownfuncTonality. However, there is sTll compaTbility as many Jess scripts can run on Clips and viceversa. Unlike Clips, Jess is wri±en using Sun’s Java language. ²his gives Jess all the intrinsicadvantages of any Java applicaTon. SpeciFcally, the ability to “write once and run anywhere”along with the beneFts of an Object Oriented language including polymorphism, encapsulaTon,etc. ²echnically speaking, Jess is simply a Java library that can act as both a rule engine and aninterpreter. ²he interpreter allows a user to execute java code on the ´y without compilaTon.While this feature has uses in development and tesTng, the remainder of this paper willconcentrate on Jess’s rule engine that is the core of the system.Jess ArchitectureJess applicaTons can take many forms. In the simplest scenario a user caninteract directly with Jess’s command line interface. While this interface allows a user to interactwith the Jess rule engine by staTng rules and posing queries, the interface is not very intuiTveand requires knowledge of the Jess environment and language. Because Jess is wri±en in Java,the rule engine can be Tghtly integrated with or embedded into a Java applicaTon. ²heseapplicaTons can be stand alone or in the form of an applet, and can take advantage of other Javalibraries, and communicate with the rule engine through an API. Such applicaTons usually havesome kind of graphical user interface, so the user requires no knowledge of Jess.The Rule EngineAt the core of any Jess applicaTon is the rule engine and knowledge base. ²heengine is comprised of hundreds or possibly thousands of domain speciFc rules. Duringdevelopment a number of area experts will work with the designers to establish these rules.While syntacTcally incorrect, each rule can be thought of in the following way: I³ condiTon ²HENoperator ²o understand these rules you have to look at the knowledge base that contains manyfacts about the world in which the system operates. ²his collecTon of facts is constantlychanging in response to user input. ²he rule engine conTnuously compares its rules to the factsin the knowledge base. If the condiTon in a rule matches a fact in the knowledge base the rule isFred and the acTon is taken. ³or example, if a fact in the knowledge base stated “It is raining”and a rule with the condiTon=”If it is raining” existed, then the rule would be Fred andcorresponding acTon would be taken – possibly “²ake an umbrella.” ²his example is straightforward but keep in mind that a system can contain possibly thousands of rules and the acTon ofone rule can lead to the Fring of one or more other rules, resulTng in a cascading eµect. Jessmust ensure that the chain of rules do not become an inFnite loop, while sTll e¶cientlycomparing facts and rules. Once more, in many systems the rule engine runs conTnuously which

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