Running head : BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVISM
Abstract
The intent of this paper is to discuss the origin and evolution of the behaviorism and cognitive
theories. Learning the history of both theoretical approaches will assist in the understanding of
each application and the association of both of them. The paper will give highlights of some
behaviorist theorists such as Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Some of the cognitive theorists will
include Descartes, Bruner and Bartlett. We will also discuss current applications to include the
favorable and unfavorable reasons of utilizing each theory.
Keywords: behaviorism theory, cognitive theory, origins, applications 1 BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVISM 2 Behaviorism and Cognitivism
I. The origins of behaviorism theory.
A. Skinner measured the controlling environment of the experiences and consequences that
signal to weaken and or strengthen a behavior, while reviewing other theories (Ledoux,
2012).
B. The backgrounds created from diverse philosophical movements[Moo11].
C. Pavlov who explored stimulus-response actions of classical conditioning (Clark, 2004). II. The origins of cognitive theory.
A. Bartlett’s War of Ghosts studies and contributions (James, 2002).
B. Rene Descartes and his contributions to this theory (Malone, 2009).
C. Contributions from Bruner’s the importance of teaching and learning “optimal structure”
(Malone, 2009). III. The current applications of behaviorism theory.
A. Applying positive and negative reinforcement for diverse situations (Skinners “Operant
Conditioning) (Richmond, 2009).
B. How to effectively balance the use of rewards and punishments versus negative or
positive interactions (Richmond, 2009).
C. Stimuli of self-management and systematic desensitization procedure (Richmond, 2017). IV. The current applications of cognitive theory.
A.
B. Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for PTSD patients (Stefan, 2012).
The nine techniques and tools used in Cognitive Behavioral Theory (Patrick, C. 2007).
Socratic questioning and how helped in the process with patients responding to D. their immediate thoughts and understandings (Cognitive Model, 2009).
Depression and the use of cognitive therapy (Cuijpers, 2010) BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVISM 3 References
Clark, R. E. (2004). The Classical Origins of Pavlov's Conditioning. Integrative Physiological &
Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294.
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., Bohlmeijer, E., Hollon, S.D, & Anderson, G. Efficacy of cognitivebehavioral therapy and other psychological treatments for adult depression: Mete-analytic study
of publication bias. The British journal of psychiatry, vol 196(1), 2010, 173-178.
Cognitive Model. (2009). Retrieved from TACES Present:
https://www.txca.org/images/tca/TheoriesofSupervision/TheoriesofSupervision8.html
Ledoux, S. F. (2012). Behaviorism at 100. American Scientist, 100(1), 60-65
Malone, J. C. (2009). Psychology: Pythagoras to present. Cambridge, MA.
Misremembering Bartlett (2002). Retrieved from article in Cognitive Psychology: BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVISM 4 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11341638_Misremembering_Bartlett_A_study_in_seri
al_reproduction
Moore, J. (2011). BEHAVIORISM. Psychological Record, 61(3), 449-465
Patrick, S., William, Y. & Sean, P. Cognitive behavioral treatment for PTSD: A preliminary
randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American academy of child and adolescent psychiatry,
vol 46(8), August 2007, 1040-1060.
Richmond, R. L. (2009). A Guide to Psychology. Retrieved from:
http://www.guidetopsychology.com/sysden.htm
Stefan, G.H., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I.J.J., Sawyer, A.T. & Fang, A. The efficacy of cognitive
behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Journal of clinical psychology, vol 36(5),
October 2012, 427-440.

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