Consider the following threats to Web security and describe how each is countered by a particular feature of SSL.

a. Brute-Force Cryptanalytic Attack: An exhaustive search of the key space for a conventional encryption algorithm.

b. Known Plaintext Dictionary Attack: Many messages will contain predictable plaintext, such as the HTTP GET command. An attacker constructs a dictionary containing every possible encryption of the known-plaintext message. When an encrypted message is intercepted, the attacker takes the portion containing the encrypted known plaintext and looks up the cipher text in the dictionary. The cipher text should match against an entry that was encrypted with the same secret key. If there are several matches, each of these can be tried against the full cipher text to determine the right one. This attack is especially effective against small key sizes (e.g., 40-bit keys).

c. Replay Attack: Earlier SSL handshake messages are replayed.

d. Man-in-the-Middle Attack: An attacker interposes during key exchange, acting as the client to the server and as the server to the client.

e. Password Sniffing: Passwords in HTTP or other application traffic are eavesdropped.

f. IP Spoofing: Uses forged IP addresses to fool a host into accepting bogus data.

g. IP Hijacking: An active, authenticated connection between two hosts is disrupted and the attacker takes the place of one of the hosts.

h. SYN Flooding:An attacker sends TCP SYN messages to request a connection but does not respond to the final message to establish the connection fully. The attacked TCP module typically leaves the “half-open connection” around for a few minutes. Repeated SYN messages can clog the TCP module.