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Category > Health & Medical Posted 08 Oct 2017 My Price 8.00

Summarizes this Article in 300 to 400 words. This is a response to a critique of her Nursing Theory

LEININGER'STHEORY• IN 1988, BRUNI PUBLISHED an arti-cle entitled "A Critical Analysis ofTranscultural Theory" in theAustralianJournal of Advanced Nursing(5 3:26-32).Unfortunately, I did not see the articleuntil five years later and there were somany errors and misconceptions that Idid not respond. Now I find 12 yearslater, thai nurses are using B run is critiqueto assess my theory of Culture CareDiversity and Universality. It is, there-fore, imperative that 1 belatedly respondto correct several of Bruni's major errors,false assumptions and misconceptionswhich reflect a serious lack of knowledgeabout transcultural nursing, my theoryand about the discipline of anthropology.In addition, Bruni failed to use the defini-tive primary publications on the theoryLet me briefly highlight these grosserrors. First, my theory of Culture Care isnot static, but rather a dynamic theorythat is being used worldwide by manyknowledgeable nurses as the most mean-ingful, timely and relevant theory in nurs-ing. Anthropologically speaking, cultureschange and have changed over thousandsof years and are not static. Likewise,generic and professional care change overtime. (1) Thus, Bruni's statement that the"theory is static" with culture and care isvery erroneou s and shows a lack olanthropological and transcultural nursingknowledge. It is evident that she has notbeen adequately prepared in anthropolo-gy, transcultural nursing, or of my theoiyof Culture Care and yet, she is the critic.Second, the theory does not lead tostereotyping. If Bruni had studied the the-ory and transcultural nursing philosophyand definitions under a qualified mentoron the theory, this statement would neverbe made. Acculturation factors are givenlull consideration in the theory and areassessed for variabilities with individualsand groups and within and between cul-tures. Findings from nearly 100 culturesstudied by the theory explain culture overthe past four decades and attest to thispoint. Bruni needs to study the researchlindings in the many research reportsfrom the theory.1 bird, her assumption about "the per-son as the most significant dimension of his(her) experience" (p29) is very false andnever staled as a theoretical assumption. Itis Bruni's false interpretation and inputtedassumption. She, again, needs to study myexplicit stance on this point and others.Fourth, had Bruni studied the theorycarefully and with a knowledgeable men-tor, her other statement about excluding"pertinent structural variables as class andgender in the theory" (p2) she would haverealised that it is totally in error. Class andgender are carefully assessed within eachsocial structure dimension, ie, kinship,economic, political, cultural values andthe other areas where class and gender areevident within differential contexts. Classand gender are an integral part of holisticassessment and can only become mean-ingful within social structure dimensionsas shown in the Sunrise Model. It isapparent that Bruni does not understandsociocultural anthropology nor my tenetsof the Culture Care theoiy. Class and gen-der vary transculturally with different cul-tures and are meaningfully embedded inseveral social structure dimensions andalso in the ethnohistory, language andenvironmental context. This has beendocumented from many researchers usingthe theoiy.Fifth, and anothe r gross error orassumption stated (p28) is that the theo-ry's based on the American school of cul-tural anthropology. As the first profession-al nurse rigorously prepared by some ofthe top scholars from both British andAmerican anthropology. In Western andnon-Western cultures my theory wasCollegian Vol 8 No 1 2001 37Madeleine Leininger, PhD LHD DS CTN RN FAAN FRCNAProfessor Emeritus, Wayne State University (Detroit!, Adjunct Professor UNMC (Omaha)Colleges of Nursing.Wii-Siu ^aniiiiJiir^m>\<(!-uttiii'o iu v^iry *2mnii^oMtt ^uiid
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deliberately developed to have a world-wide focus to develop transcultural nurs-ing as a discipline and profession. Westernand non-Western cultures were conceptu-alised and have been studied with the the-ory. Approximately 40 non-Western and60 Western cultures have been studiedover the past four decades. Moreover, thefirst worldwide transcultural nursingresearch was done in a non-Western cul-ture, namely Papua New Guinea in theearly 1960s and this was not based onAmericanculturalanthropology.Ethnonursing, elhnosciencc and theBritish ethnological methods and reflec-tions were used and continue to be usedtoday. Clearly, Bruni is not knowledgeableabout anthropology and transculturalnursing philosophy, methods and theories.Sixth, the statement that only"Western societies are conceptualisedprincipally as muliticultural systems com-posed ol discrete ethnic or culturalgroups" (p28) reveals another false state-ment as multicultural diversities researchand theoretical uses arc found in manynon-Western cultures. As one notes in mywork and in anthropology, 1 find the term"multicultural" is olten misused and mean-ingless in conveying accurate meanings.Moreover, I do not use terms as "function-al problems" (p28) as this is counter tomy theoretical and philosophical focus ofcultures and care. Indeed many culturesdo not have functional problems but nurs-es often impose this linguistic phrase onthem and on my theory as a wrongpremise.Seventh, acculturation factors aregiven full consideration with theAcculturation Enabler (used since I960)and through careful documentation of theethnohistory, social structure, languages,environmental context and with genericand professional health care expressions.Bruni needs to study the definitive writ-ings and research findings from the theo-ry as well as the creative transculturalnursing cnablers to tap cultural data.Eighth, cultural shock is not the majorfocus of study. I his is a very strange infer-ence or statement thai may be Brum'sexpectation or problem area. In transcultur-al nursing, our scholars and students studydomains of inquiry (one of the first to coinand use (his term in nursing). We do notfocus on problems or cultural shock. Withthe ethnonursing research method, the3 8Collegian Vol 8 N o I 2001emic findings of the people come forth inrelation to the domain of inquiry.In the readers' interest and lor thosewho have carefully studied the CultureCare theory and who understand transcul-tural nursing discipline, the theory ofCulture Care has been soundly and cre-atively conceptualised and continues to heused as a credible, holistic, humanistic andscientific theory that is contributing awealth of new research-based knowledgeto the discipline of nursing to transculturalnursing and other health disciplines. Ashas been stated, "this theory is most mean-inglul and important in fulfilling its statedpurpose and goal, namely to discover newknowledge in transcultural nursing and usethe knowledge to provide culturally con-gruent and meaningful care for the healthor wellbcing or to help them face dying,disabilities or other human conditions"(l-eininger 1991, 1995). The theory is sorelevant to nursing with its predictionsthat culturally based care if fully knowncan greatly advance nursing knowledgeand scholarship. Indeed the theory isgrowing and advancing the knowledge olthe discipline of transcultural nursingwhich I predicted must be a reality ior allareas of nursing by 2015. The unique anddifferential conceptualisation of generic(folk) and professional care is bringingnew knowledge that has been largelyunknown and not used in nursing's pasthistory and in the health-illness discipline.Many users of the theory attest to the factthat it is the only theory and lield that istruly holistic, comparative and compre-hensive with global perspectives and yetvery particularistic findings of cultures.Most importantly, the theory has theethnonursing research method that wasthoughtfully constructed to be used withthe theory and its tenets and assumptions.This was the first nursing theory to pro-vide a method to fit critical study ol thetheory. The ethnonursing method hasbeen valuable to obtain embedded, covertand vaguely known human care and cul-ture knowledge from mainly anemicper-spective, but also witheltcdata.Reduclionislic methods used by manynurse researchers with quantitative meth-ods and quantitative evaluative research\\p'.i>criteria reduce the full disclosure olhuman care data to numbers and partialexplanations. In contrast, qualitativemethods as open and naturalistic inquiryprovides rich and many fresh insights inhuman cultural care and health studies.While many more points could beoffered on the Bruni so-called critique,users of this article must be warned thatthere are gross misinterpretations and aserious lack of knowledge about theCulture Care theory (and it is not transcul-tural nurse theory). It is clear that Brunidoes not understand transcultural nursingnor the theory and anthropology. This cri-tique reinforces my first and subsequentarticles about doing critiques, namely, thatanyone who poses as a critic must he fullyknowledgeable and an expert on the sub-ject matter to be a critic and to be able toprovide a credible and scholarly critique.The caveat to readers is to always read pri-mary sources on any theory (not sec-ondary) and to understand fully the theoryand the discipline. Today, Leininger's theo-ry ol Culture Care remains one oi the mostuniversal theories used in transcultural nurs-ing and the knowledge is making importantcontributions worldwide.References:ISruni N1988 A Critica l Analysi s ofTranscultural TheoryAustralum Journal of AduaiuedNurshuj5(3)26-32l.eininge r W 1978TrnnnuhuralIVIN'SMH/-(.oucepls, Theoty andPi (ic trees Ne w York: loh nWiley & CoLeininge r M 1991Theoryof (.ullitreCan-Diversity t, Univeisaliiy:A Ihecry of NutsintJ.NewYork: National League for Nursing (Tiie defini-tive hook on the theory)Lcimnge r M 1995TraiisculluialNursnuj-Comcpts. Theory and Puutius2nd Edition BlacklichO H McCraw College Custom SeriesLeininger M 1997 Fourdecades of TtttnscuHiualNtirsnujResearch.Image : Journa l o( Nursin gScholarship Vol 29, 4, Fourth Quarter. 1997
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SophiaPretty
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Status NEW Posted 08 Oct 2017 07:10 AM My Price 8.00

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