12.44 When charities solicit donations, they must know what approach will encourage people to donate. Would a picture of a needy child tug at the heartstrings and con- vince someone to contribute to the charity? As reported in the article “The Effect of Photographs of the Handicapped on Donation” (Journal of Applied Social Psychology [1979]: 426–431), experimenters went door-to-door with four types of displays: a picture of a smiling child, a pic- ture of an unsmiling child, a verbal message, and an iden- tification of the charity only. At each door, they would randomly select which display to present. Suppose 18 of 30 subjects contributed when shown the picture of the smiling child, 14 of 30 contributed when shown the pic- ture of an unsmiling child, 16 of 26 contributed when shown the verbal message, and 18 of 22 contributed when shown only the identification of the charity. What conclu- sions can be drawn from these data? Explain your proce- dure and reasoning.