44.   It has been estimated that between 1945 and 1971, as many as 2 million children were born to mothers treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES), a nonsteroidal estrogen recommended for pregnancy maintenance. The FDA banned this drug in 1971 because research indicated a link with the incidence of cervical can- cer. The article Effects of Prenatal Exposure to

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provide effective treatment, it is important to detect childhood Cushing s disease as early as possible. Age at onset of symptoms and age at diagnosis for 15 children suffering from the disease were given in the article Treatment of Cushing s Disease in Child- hood and Adolescence by Transphenoidal Micro- adenomectomy (New Engl. J. Med., 1984: 889). Here are the values of the differences between age at onset of symptoms and age at diagnosis:

-24   -12   -55    -15    -30   -60    -14   -21

-48   -12   -25    -53    -61   -69    -80

a.   Does the accompanying normal probability plot cast strong doubt on the approximate normality of the population distribution of differences?

b.   Calculate a lower 95% con dence bound for the population mean difference, and interpret the re- sulting bound.

Difference

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Hemispheric Laterality and  Spatial Ability  in  Human  Males  (Hormones

—1.5                                 —.5

z percentile

.5                    1.5

Behav., 1992: 62—75) discussed a study in which 10 males exposed to DES and their unexposed brothers underwent various tests. This is the summary data on the results of a spatial ability test: x = 12.6 (ex- posed), y = 13.7, and standard error of mean differ- ence = .5. Test at level .05 to see whether exposure is associated with reduced spatial ability by obtain- ing the P-value.

c.    Cushing s disease is characterized by muscular weakness due to adrenal or pituitary dysfunction. ToSuppose the (age at diagnosis) - (age at onset) differences had been calculated. What would be a 95% upper con dence bound for the corre- sponding population mean difference?

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