One important aspect of medical diagnosis is its reproducibility. Suppose that two different doctors examine 100 patients for dyspnea in a respiratory-disease clinic and that doctor A diagnosed 15 patients as having dyspnea, doctor B diagnosed 10 patients as having dyspnea, and both doctor A and doctor B diagnosed 7 patients as having dyspnea.

Problem 10.16 – Compute the Kappa statistic and its standard error regarding reproducibility of the diagnosis in this clinic.

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See attached Excel data file “Hormone.dat” to answer the next two problems.

Problem 10.37 – What test procedure can be used to compare the percentage of hens whose pancreatic secretions increased (post-pre) among the five treatment regimens?

Problem 10.38 – Implement the test procedures in Problem 10.37, and report a p-value.

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Table 10.32 – Parity distribution of women with abortions and women without abortions.

	Induced Abortion
Parity	Yes (n=16,353)	No (n=77,220)
0	34%	29%
1	23%	18%
2	30%	34%
3	10%	15%
4+	3%	4%

 

Problem 10.61 – What tests can be performed to compare the parity distribution of women with and without induced abortions?

Problem 10.62 – Implement the test in Problem 10.61, and report a two-tailed p-value.

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Table 10.33 – Effect of vitamin A supplementation on serum-retinol levels.

		Year 0	Year 3
Retinol (mmol/L)	N	Mean ± sd	Mean ±sd
Vitamin A Group	73	1.89± 0.36	2.06 0. ±53
Trace Group	57	1.83±0.31	1.78 ±0.30

Researchers found that that among 133 participants in the vitamin A group (males and females combined) who were in the normal range at baseline (

Problem 10.68 - What test can be performed to compare the percentage of participants who developed abnormal triglyceride levels between the Vitamin A group and the trace group?

Problem 10.69 – Implement the test in Problem 10.68, and report a two-tailed p-value.

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The standard test for screening Downs Syndrome is based on a combination of maternal age and the level of serum alpha-fetoprotein. Using this test, 80% of Downs Syndrome cases can be identified, while5% of the normal are detected as positive.

Problem 10.121 – What is the sensitivity and specificity of the test? Suppose that 1 out of 500 infants are born with Downs Syndrome.

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Table 10.52 – Outcome data for the Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial (n=481) change in retinopathy level:

Group	2+ Levels	1 Level	No Change	1 Level	2 Levels	3 Levels	4 Levels	5+ Levels	Total
Placebo	5	17	84	59	37	18	9	14	243
Sorbinil	4	21	97	50	22	16	14	14	238

 

Problem 10.145 – What test can be used to compare the two groups if this more efficient method is used?

Problem 10.146 – Implement the test used in Problem 10.145, and provide a p-value (two-tailed).