i need help in solving this HW its about 

The AVR Family Architecture

 

 

Embedded Systems
Homework 1: The AVR Family Architecture EEL4742 For the purposes of this homework, you will be examining the AVR family of microcontrollers architecture. Specifically, we will be looking at the megaAVR and tinyAVR architectures. Development
of AVR started in 1996, and currently serves as the heart of the popular Arduino platform. We
briefly mentioned AVR during class. Recall that AVR is a modified Harvard architecture, that is,
it provides program and data spaces in separate address busses while also providing a mechanism
to transfer data between the two. In this homework, you will be investigating the basis of the
architecture and writing a few assembly programs for it. We recommend looking for the AVR
Instruction Set Manual as well as other documentation you may find in Atmel’s website.
Q.1 Describe the register file of AVR microcontrollers: How many registers are in the register file?
How wide are they? Are there any special purpose registers like in MSP430? Where are the
stack pointer and status register located?
Q.2 Describe the calling convention utilized by Atmel in their compiler.
Q.3 Utilize your findings from Q.1 and Q.2 to answer the following question. We desire to add two
16bit numbers, 1455 and 3437. Write a small AVR assembly language program to add these
two numbers.
Q.4 What are the X, Y, and Z registers? Write a small assembly program that loads constants into
these registers.
Q.5 Recall from the lectures that for convenience we store variables with permanent store (local
variables declared as static and global variables) in the .data or .bss sections of memory.
The .data section contains variables with permanent store that have been explicitly initialized,
whereas the .bss section contains variables with permanent store that have not been explicitly
initialized (these are implicitly initialized to 0). Recall that because we do not have a program
loader, our program is responsible for performing this initialization.
Fortunately, when the final binary is being linked, the linker script exports the symbols shown
in Table 1. Utilize these symbol names to write two assembly routines, initialize data and
Name
data load start
data load end
data start
data end
bss start
bss end Description
Location in program memory where the contents that initializes the .data section is stored.
Location in program memory where the contents that initializes the .data section ends.
Location in data memory where the contents of the .data
section should reside.
Location in data memory where the contents of the .data
section should end.
Location in data memory where the contents of the .bss
section should start.
Location in data memory where the contents of the .bss
section should end. Table 1: Symbols exported by the linker script in AVR.
initialize bss that initializes the .data and .bss sections of data memory, respectively
on the AVR architecture. 1

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