1- What do specialization hierarchies do?

2- Describe specialization and generalization.

3- What is an entity cluster?

4- Explain the “no change over time” characteristic of a good primary key.

5-In what two cases are composite primary keys particularly useful?

1- Describe 1NF, 2NF and 3NF? Give examples

1- Describe a dependency diagram and explain its purpose.

2- What steps are involved in the conversion to third normal form?

3- Explain the BCNF. How is it related to other normal forms?

4-Explain how database designers design and normalize databases.

 

1- Explain the different types of join operations. What are they and how do they work?

2- What are the four different result types that can be returned from a subquery? For each type, explain what it is and when it is used.

3- What are SQL functions and when are they used? Provide a couple of examples of situations in which they are necessary.

4- Describe the characteristics of an Oracle sequence

5-Triggers are critical to proper database operation and management. What are some of the ways that triggers are used?

 

1-List and briefly describe the three types of system maintenance activities.

2-Database backups can be performed at different levels. List and describe these.

3-What are the factors affecting the purchasing decision for DBMS software?

4-What are the classical approaches to database design?

5- Explain the differences between a centralized and decentralized approach to database design.

 

1- List and describe some typical DBMS processes.

2- What does the query optimizer do in a relational database? What is the final result of the query optimizer? Explain a cost-based and rule-based query optimizer.

3- Why do we need to optimize a DBMS with SQL performance tuning, even though they automatically optimize SQL queries?

4- How can queries be written to perform the fastest when equality and inequality comparisons are needed?

5- How should storage volumes be allocated for indexes, system, and high-usage tables?