T J International was founded in 1969 as Trus Joist International. The firm, a manufacturer of specialty building products, has its headquarters in Boise, Idaho. The company, through its partnership in the Trus Joist MacMillan joint venture, develops and manufactures engineered lumber. This product is a high- quality substitute for structural lumber, and uses lower-grade wood and materials formerly considered waste. The company also is majority owner of the Outlook Window Partnership, which is a consortium of three wood and vinyl window manufacturers. Following is T J International’s adapted income statement and information concerning inventories from its annual report.

Instructions
(a) How much would income before taxes have been if FIFO costing had been used to value all inventories?
(b) If the income tax rate is 46.6%, what would income tax have been if FIFO costing had been used to value all inventories? In your opinion, is this difference in net income between the two methods material? Explain.
(c) Does the use of a different costing system for different types of inventory mean that there is a different physical flow of goods among the different types of inventory?Explain.