Chapter 13

 

Schedules of Reinforcement

• Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
• “Provides reinforcement for __________ occurrence of behavior”

 

Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement (INT)

• Intermittent reinforcement
• “Intermittent reinforcement is used to ______________ established behaviors”
• “INT is necessary for _____________ of naturally occurring reinforcement”

 

Ratio Schedules

• “Require a number of _____________ before one response produces ______________.”

 

Interval Schedules

• “Require an elapse of ________________ before a response produces _____________.”

 

Fixed Schedules

• “Response ratio or time requirement remains ________________.”

 

Variable Schedules

• “Response ratio or time requirement can _________________ from one reinforced response to another.”

 

Fixed Ratio (FR)

• “Requires completion of a number of ______________ to produce a ____________.”
• Schedule Effects
• Consistency of Performance
• “Post _________________ pause follows reinforcement.”
• “Long ratio requirements produce _______________ pauses.”
• “Small ratios produce ____________ pauses.”
• Rate of Response
• “FR schedules often produce ________________ rates of response.”
• “The _____________ the ratio requirement, the higher the rate of __________.”
• “Rate of response _______________ if the ratio requirements are too large.”

 

 

 

Variable Ratio (VR)

• “Requires the completion of a _____________ number of ___________.”
• “Average number of responses.” 
• Variable Ratio Schedule Effects
• VR schedule tends to produce a _________    _________ of responding.
• The larger the ratio requirement, the ___________ the rate of response.
• Tic Tac Toe VR Procedure
• VR Procedure using a classroom lottery
• “Teachers have used the classroom lottery with a variety of ___________ accomplishments.”
• VR Procedure using a desk calendar
• “Students can use the desk calendar base to program ______ schedules for most _______________ areas.”

 

Fixed Interval Schedules (FI)

·         “Reinforcement for the first correct response following a _________ duration of time.”

·         “FI schedules are relatively ____________ to use in applied settings.”

·         FI Schedule Effects

• “FI typically produces a ______________   _______________ pause.”
• Rate of Responding
• “FI schedules tend to produce a __________ to __________ rate of response.”

 

Variable Interval (VI)

• “Provides reinforcement for the ____________ correct response following the elapse of variable durations of ___________.”
• VI Schedule Effects
• VI schedules tend to produce a ______________, stable ________ of response.
• Rate of Responding
• VI schedules of reinforcement tend to produce _________ to _________ rates of response.

 

Schedule Thinning

• “gradually ___________ response ratio or the duration of time”
• “use of __________________ to clearly communicate the schedule of reinforcement”
• Ratio Strain
• “can result from ____________ increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules.”
• “Common characteristics associated with ratio strain include ___________, aggression, and ___________ pauses in responding.”

 

 

Schedules of Differential Reinforcement of Rates of Responding

• “Differential reinforcement provides an _____________ for behavior problems associated with rate of response.”
• “DRH stands for ‘Differential Reinforcement of ___________ Rates’.”
• “DRL stands for ‘Differential Reinforcement of ___________ Rates’.”
• “IRT … inter-_____________ time.”
• “DRH full-session provides reinforcement if the ___________ number of responses during the session meet or _________ a number criterion.”

 

Differential Reinforcement of Diminishing Rates

• “reinforcement of responses at the _______ of a predetermined __________ interval.” 

 

Progressive Schedules of Reinforcement

• “systematically ______________ each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the participant’s behavior.”
• Progressive schedules for reinforcer assessment
• “effects obtained during typical reinforcer assessments may have ____________ generality to treatment efficacy.”

 

Compound Schedules of Reinforcement (conc)

• “Combine the elements of continuous reinforcement, the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement (_____, _____, _____, _____), differential reinforcement of various rates of responding (_____, DRL), and _____________ (CRF) to form compound schedules of reinforcement.”
• Concurrent Schedules
• “Occurs when (a) _____ or more contingencies of reinforcement (b) operate in independently and _____________ (c) for two or more __________.”
• “Applied Behavior Analysts have used ____________ schedules for improving vocational, academic, and social skills.”
• Concurrent Performances
• “Concurrent schedules usually produce __________ response patterns.”
• Matching Law
• “Rate of responding typically is ________________ to the rate of reinforcement received from each choice alternative.”

 

Multiple Schedules of Reinforcement (mult)

• “Presents _______ or more basic schedules of reinforcement.”
• “occur ____________ and independently.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chained Schedules

• Differs from a multiple schedule in three ways
• Chain schedule occur in a specific _____________.
• Behavior may be the ___________ for all elements of the chain, or different _____________ may be required for different elements.
• Conditioned reinforcement for responding in the second element in a chain is the ____________ of the third element.

 

Nondiscriminative Schedules of Reinforcement

• Mixed Schedules (mix)
• “Has no _____________ stimuli correlated with the independent schedules.”
• Tandem Schedules (tand)
• “Similar to the chained schedule but does not use a ___________ stimuli with the elements in the chain.”

 

Schedules Combining the Number of Responses and Time

• Alternative Schedule (alt)
• “Provides _____________ whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or an interval schedule is met regardless of which one is met first.”
• Conjunctive Schedules (conj)
• “The first response following the _____________ of the time interval produces reinforcement if a certain number of ____________ have been completed.”

 

Applied Research with Intermittent Schedules

• “Schedule effects have not been documented clearly in ____________ settings.”
• “Applied behavior analysts should use __________ in extrapolating these effects to applied settings.”

 

Applied Research with Compound Schedules

• “Applied researchers have seldom ___________ the effects of compound reinforcement schedules.” 

 

Applied Research with Adjunctive Schedules

• “Adjunctive behaviors such as doodling, smoking, idle talking, drinking may increase as a _________ effect of other behaviors maintained by a schedule of ______________.”
• Lerman, Iwata, Zarcone, and Ringdahl’s (1994) article is the only research on adjunctive behavior published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis from 1968 through ___________.”
• “The condition under which adjunctive behaviors are ___________ and ___________ is a major area for future research in applied behavior analysis.”

 

 

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