Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bone and resulting in fragile bones due to hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D (Kling, Clarke, & Sandhu, 2014). Multiple studies found that the osteoporosis is a silent illness until is complicated by a fracture and this can be diagnosed, prevented and treated before a fracture occurs (Cosman et al., 2014). Therefore, prevention is the most effective way to promote bone health. According to our research question, there are many Universal recommendations are provided to prevent osteoporosis in women such as adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, regular weight-bearing and muscle strengthening exercises, knowledge, and beliefs about osteoporosis (Cosman et al., 2014).

A study was conducted at a community health care center in South Korea to examine the effect of a three-month therapeutic lifestyle modification related to bone health in a postmenopausal woman. 41 women participated in the study. They were divided into intervention group n=21 and control group n=20. The intervention group was provided by individualized health monitoring, group health education, exercise, calcium-Vit D supplementation. On another hand, the control group received an educational booklet and were instructed to maintain their usual lifestyle behavior. The intervention group showed significant increases in knowledge and self-efficacy and improvement in diet and exercise after 12 weeks, providing evidence that a comprehensive Therapeutic lifestyle modification (TLM) program can be effective in improving health behaviors to maintain bone health in postmenopausal women at high risk of osteoporosis (Oh et al., 2014).

 

Another study takes place at a mid-western regional university in the US seeks to examine the level of osteoporosis knowledge, beliefs and calcium intake among college students. Three surveys were obtained to participants. After the survey completed lack of osteoporosis knowledge is well documented among students. Another finding is that females perceive breast cancer and heart disease as greater threats than osteoporosis. Also, 50% of the student believed osteoporosis was a minor health problem and 65% of women thought osteoporosis was a disease of women over seventy years of age (Edmonds, Turner, &Usdan, 2012). In addition, a recent study was done on a group of woman total of 153, aged 19 to 25 years, they were a student from southeastern university and chosen randomly. The goal of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of prevention program of osteoporosis in younger women, which is theory –based program on calcium and vitamin D. The participants were divided into three groups: a brochure group, a computer –tailored program group and same computer -tailored with brief verbal feedback. The result of the 3 groups after 1month of the intervention is much higher than the beginning and the difference between the 3 groups is insignificant (Lein,Turner, &Wilroy, 2016). In conclusion, these research add evidence that women have lacked in knowledge about osteoporosis risk factors, calcium intake, and physical activity related to bone health, which makes health education an important way to increase their knowledge and add strategies for prevention. 

 

 

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